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Outside of the corpus of New Testament apocrypha also includes apocalypses of Peter, Paul, Stephen, and Thomas, as well as two of James and Gnostic Apocalypses of Peter and Paul. The beliefs and ideas of this time, including apocalyptic accounts excluded from the Bible, influenced the developing Christian eschatology.
Further apocalyptic works appeared in the early Middle Ages. The 7th century Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius includes themes common in Christian eschatology; the Prophecy of the Popes has been ascribed to the 12th century Irish saint Malachy, but may in fact date from the late 16th century. Islamic eschatology, related to Christian and Jewish eschatological traditions, also emerged from the 7th century. Ibn al-Nafis's 13th century Theologus Autodidactus, an Arabic novel, used empirical science to explain Islamic eschatology.
The first work of modern apocalyptic fiction may be Mary Shelley's 1826 novel The Last Man, in which the last portion becomes the story of a man living in a future world emptied of humanity by plague. Containing recognizable elements of this subgenre, the novel is sometimes considered the first science fiction novel, though that distinction is more often given to Shelley's more famous and earlier novel, Frankenstein.