Girl Group Portait Photography

The "fourth light" in three point lighting, a kicker is a small light, often made directional or limited in coverage through the use of a snoot, umbrella, or softbox that adds a bright edge light on the fill light side of the subject's face, usually just enough to establish the jaw line or edge of an ear. The kicker should thus be a bit brighter than the fill light, but not so bright it over fills the off side of the face; the placement and brightness of a kicker is a matter of taste and technique. Many portraitists choose not to use a kicker and settle for the three main lights of the standard plans. It may thus also be considered an accessory light.
• Butterfly lighting
Butterfly lighting uses only two lights. The Key light is placed directly in front of the subject, often above the camera or slightly to one side, and a bit higher than is common for a three-point lighting plan. The second light is a rim light. Often a reflector is placed below the subject's face to provide fill light and soften shadows.
This lighting can be recognized by the strong light falling on the forehead, the bridge of the nose and the upper cheeks, and by the distinct shadow below the nose which often looks rather like a butterfly and thus provides the name for this lighting plan. Butterfly lighting was a favourite of famed Hollywood portraitist George Hurrell which is why this style of lighting is often called Paramount lighting.