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Dwarfism is short stature resulting from a particular medical condition. It is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 4 feet 10 inches (147 cm), although this definition is problematic because short stature in itself is not a disorder.
Dwarfism can be caused by about 200 distinct medical conditions, such that the symptoms and characteristics of individual people with dwarfism vary greatly. In the United States and Canada, many people with dwarfism prefer to be called little people.
Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by one or more body parts' being relatively large or small in comparison to those of a normal adult, with growth abnormalities in specific areas being apparent. In cases of proportionate dwarfism, the body appears normally proportioned, but is abnormally small. Historically, the term midget was used to describe "proportionate dwarfs"; however, this term has now become offensive and pejorative. Hypotonia, or a lack of muscle, is common in dwarfs, but intelligence and lifespan are usually normal.
Achondroplasia is a bone-growth disorder responsible for 70% of dwarfism cases. In achondroplasia, the limbs are disproportionally short compared to the trunk (abdominal area), with the head larger than normal and characteristic facial features. Conditions in humans characterized by disproportional body parts are typically caused by one or more genetic disorders in bone or cartilage development. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause, such as growth-hormone deficiency, once called pituitary dwarfism.